Overview: GSM is a standard developed to describe protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks. It was designed to provide voice services and later evolved to support data services like text messaging (SMS) and basic internet access (GPRS).
Frequency Bands: GSM operates in various frequency bands around the world, including 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz.
Modulation: GSM uses a combination of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) for channel access and modulation. It uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation for data transmission.
LoRa (Long Range):
Overview: LoRa is a wireless communication technology designed for long-range communication with low power consumption. It is suitable for applications that require low data rates and devices that need to operate on battery power for an extended period.
Frequency Bands: LoRa operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. The most common frequencies are in the 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz bands.
Modulation: LoRa uses a modulation technique called Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS). This modulation allows for long-range communication and is resistant to interference. LoRa devices can achieve a range of several kilometers in open environments.
Network Architecture: LoRa networks typically consist of end devices (sensors or actuators), gateways that receive data from the devices, and a network server that manages the communication between devices and applications.
