FCC (Federal Communications Commission): In the United States, 5G antenna designs must comply with FCC regulations regarding radiofrequency emissions and interference. Certification involves testing to ensure that the antennas operate within the specified frequency range and power limits.
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute): In Europe, ETSI standards are crucial. The certification process involves adhering to ETSI standards for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), ensuring that antennas don't cause interference with other devices or networks.
Performance Testing:
Radiation Patterns: Antenna radiation patterns must meet specific requirements, ensuring the desired coverage areas and minimizing signal leakage in unwanted directions. Testing involves measuring the radiation pattern in both azimuth and elevation planes.
Gain and Efficiency: Certification involves verifying the antenna's gain and efficiency within the 5G frequency bands. Higher gain antennas provide better signal reception and transmission.
Return Loss and VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio): These parameters assess how efficiently the antenna transmits power to the connected device. Lower return loss and VSWR indicate better performance.
Frequency Range and Bandwidth:
Antennas must support the specified frequency bands for 5G (e.g., sub-6 GHz or mmWave). Certification involves testing to ensure antennas operate within these frequency ranges and support the required bandwidth.
Interoperability and Compatibility:
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO): Many 5G systems utilize MIMO technology for improved data rates and capacity. Antennas must be tested for MIMO compatibility and performance, ensuring proper functioning in multi-antenna systems.
Beamforming and Phased Array Antennas: For mmWave 5G, beamforming and phased array antennas are crucial for directing signals. Certification involves testing to validate the accuracy and effectiveness of beamforming and phased array technologies.
Environmental Testing:
Temperature and Weather Resistance: Antennas undergo tests to ensure they can withstand various environmental conditions, including temperature variations, humidity, and exposure to elements without compromising performance.
Durability and Mechanical Stability: Antennas must be mechanically stable and durable, withstanding vibrations and physical stressors without affecting their functionality.
Documentation and Compliance Reporting:
Detailed documentation of the antenna design specifications, test results, and compliance reports is necessary for obtaining certification. This documentation provides evidence that the antenna meets all the required technical standards and regulations.
Certification Bodies:
Certification can be performed by accredited laboratories or certification bodies recognized by regulatory authorities. These bodies conduct the necessary tests and evaluations to issue certifications for compliant antenna designs.
