Description: 1G refers to the first generation of mobile networks. It used analog signals for voice communication, and the technology was quite basic compared to later generations. The system suffered from issues like low capacity, poor voice quality, and limited coverage.
2G (Second Generation):
Time Period: Late 1980s to early 2000s
Key Technology: Digital signals (TDMA, CDMA, GSM)
Description: 2G introduced digital technology, which improved voice quality, security, and capacity. Different regions adopted different standards, such as GSM, CDMA, and TDMA. SMS (Short Message Service) also became available in 2G networks.
2.5G (Second and a Half Generation):
Time Period: Late 1990s to early 2000s
Key Technology: GPRS, EDGE
Description: 2.5G was an intermediate step between 2G and 3G. It brought in packet-switched data transmission, enabling features like internet browsing and MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service). GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) were the technologies associated with 2.5G.
3G (Third Generation):
Time Period: Early 2000s to present
Key Technology: WCDMA, CDMA2000, HSPA
Description: 3G marked a significant leap forward, providing higher data transfer rates for not only voice but also data services. This generation enabled faster internet browsing, video calling, and mobile broadband. WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) and CDMA2000 were the primary technologies in use.
3.5G and 3.75G (HSPA and HSPA+):
Time Period: Mid-2000s to present
Key Technology: HSPA, HSPA+
Description: These are enhancements to 3G technology, providing higher data transfer rates than basic 3G. HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access) and HSPA+ are the key technologies associated with 3.5G and 3.75G.
4G (Fourth Generation):
Time Period: Mid-2010s to present
Key Technology: LTE, WiMAX
Description: 4G brought significant improvements in terms of data transfer rates, lower latency, and improved capacity. LTE (Long-Term Evolution) became the dominant technology, offering faster internet speeds and better support for multimedia applications.
4.5G (LTE Advanced and LTE Advanced Pro):
Time Period: Late 2010s to present
Key Technology: LTE Advanced, LTE Advanced Pro
Description: 4.5G is an evolution of 4G, offering even higher data speeds and improved network efficiency. LTE Advanced and LTE Advanced Pro introduced features like carrier aggregation, improved MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), and enhanced network capabilities.
5G (Fifth Generation):
Time Period: Late 2010s to present
Key Technology: NR (New Radio)
Description: 5G is the current generation, designed to provide ultra-fast data speeds, low latency, and massive device connectivity. It introduces new frequency bands and technologies like beamforming and network slicing. The key standard for 5G is NR (New Radio).
