Frequencies below 1 GHz are used for extended coverage and better penetration through obstacles.
This band is similar to the 4G LTE band and provides broader coverage but with lower data rates compared to higher frequency bands.
1-6 GHz Bands (Mid-Band):
The mid-band frequencies offer a balance between coverage and data rates.
These frequencies are critical for achieving a good compromise between coverage and capacity.
24-100 GHz Bands (High-Band or Millimeter Wave - mmWave):
High-frequency bands, especially in the millimeter-wave range, enable extremely high data rates.
mmWave bands have a shorter range and are more susceptible to obstacles, but they provide significant bandwidth for data transmission.
Key Technologies:
Massive MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output):
5G employs advanced antenna technologies, such as massive MIMO, with a large number of antennas at both the base station (BS) and the user equipment (UE).
Massive MIMO enhances spectral efficiency, improves data rates, and supports beamforming for better coverage.
Beamforming:
Beamforming is used to focus radio waves in specific directions, improving signal strength and reliability.
It enables targeted communication between the base station and user devices, reducing interference and enhancing overall network performance.
Full Duplex Communication:
5G supports full-duplex communication, allowing data transmission and reception to occur simultaneously on the same frequency.
This capability increases network efficiency and reduces latency.
Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS):
DSS allows the flexible allocation of spectrum resources between 4G and 5G networks based on demand.
It enables a smoother transition to 5G by utilizing existing spectrum resources more efficiently.
Network Slicing:
5G introduces the concept of network slicing, allowing the creation of multiple virtual networks on the same physical infrastructure.
Each slice is optimized for specific use cases, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC).
Low Latency:
5G aims to achieve significantly lower latency compared to previous generations, enabling real-time applications like augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and autonomous vehicles.
Modulation Techniques:
Advanced Modulation Schemes:
5G uses advanced modulation techniques, including higher-order modulation like 256-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), to transmit more data per symbol.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM):
OFDM is a key modulation scheme in 5G, breaking down the data stream into multiple subcarriers for parallel transmission, improving efficiency and robustness in varying channel conditions.
