4G operates on frequency bands below 6 GHz, typically in the 700 MHz to 2.7 GHz range.
5G introduces new frequency bands, including both sub-6 GHz bands and millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands above 24 GHz. The use of higher frequency bands in 5G allows for higher data rates.
Modulation Techniques:
4G primarily uses Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) techniques, such as 64-QAM and 256-QAM, for data transmission.
5G introduces more advanced modulation schemes, including 256-QAM and 1024-QAM, allowing for higher data rates per channel.
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO):
4G employs MIMO technology, which uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve data throughput and reliability.
5G enhances MIMO capabilities, supporting massive MIMO with a significantly larger number of antennas, enabling better spatial multiplexing and beamforming.
Beamforming and Massive MIMO:
5G utilizes advanced beamforming techniques, allowing the network to focus signals directionally, improving coverage and efficiency.
Massive MIMO in 5G involves a large number of antennas, enabling the system to serve multiple users simultaneously with spatial multiplexing.
Low Latency:
5G aims to achieve ultra-low latency, below 1 millisecond, for applications like augmented reality and virtual reality.
Achieving such low latency involves improvements in both radio access network (RAN) and core network architecture, which are not present in 4G devices.
Core Network Architecture:
5G introduces a new core network architecture (5G Core or 5GC), which is not backward compatible with the 4G core network (LTE/EPC). The core network plays a crucial role in managing connections, security, and service delivery.
Dual Connectivity:
Some 5G deployments may use dual connectivity, where a device connects simultaneously to both 4G and 5G networks. However, this requires specific support from both the device and the network infrastructure.
