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2G (2nd Generation):

Technology:

2G refers to the second generation of mobile networks. The primary technology used in 2G is GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications).

Key Features:

  1. Digital Signal: Unlike its predecessor, 1G, which used analog signals, 2G utilizes digital signals for communication.
  2. Data Transfer: 2G supports digital voice communication as well as low-speed data transfer, primarily for text messages (SMS) and basic internet services.
  3. Frequency Bands: 2G operates in multiple frequency bands, such as 900 MHz and 1800 MHz.

Architecture:

The architecture of 2G involves a network of base stations (BTS - Base Transceiver Station) and Mobile Switching Centers (MSC). BTS handles the radio communication with mobile devices, and MSC manages the call routing.

3G (3rd Generation):

Technology:

3G stands for the third generation of mobile networks. The two primary technologies used in 3G are CDMA2000 and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System).

Key Features:

  1. Higher Data Rates: 3G offers significantly higher data transfer rates compared to 2G, enabling services like video calling and faster internet browsing.
  2. Broadband Access: It provides broadband-like data speeds and supports multimedia applications.
  3. Global Roaming: 3G facilitates global roaming, allowing users to access high-speed data services while traveling internationally.

Architecture:

3G architecture includes additional elements like NodeB (Node B), RNC (Radio Network Controller), and a Core Network. NodeB handles the radio interface, RNC controls multiple NodeBs, and the Core Network manages the overall communication.

4G (4th Generation):

Technology:

4G refers to the fourth generation of mobile networks. The main technologies used are LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX.

Key Features:

  1. High Data Rates: 4G provides even higher data rates than 3G, enabling faster internet speeds and improved performance for multimedia applications.
  2. IP-Based Communication: 4G is entirely based on IP (Internet Protocol), allowing seamless integration with the internet and supporting a wide range of IP-based services.
  3. Low Latency: It offers lower latency, making real-time applications like online gaming and video conferencing more practical.

Architecture:

4G architecture is based on an all-IP network, including eNodeB (evolved NodeB) for radio communication and an evolved packet core (EPC) for managing the entire network.

Summary:

  • 2G: Digital signals, low-speed data, GSM technology.
  • 3G: Higher data rates, broadband access, CDMA2000 and UMTS technologies.
  • 4G: High data rates, IP-based communication, LTE and WiMAX technologies.

Each generation represents a significant leap in terms of capabilities, offering improved data speeds, latency, and support for advanced services.