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2g 3g 4g 5g technology

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2G (Second Generation):

Technology:

  • Frequency Bands: 2G primarily operates on two frequency bands: 900 MHz and 1800 MHz.
  • Modulation Technique: 2G initially used Frequency Modulation (FM) and later evolved to Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) modulation techniques.
  • Data Transfer: 2G was designed for voice communication, offering data transfer speeds up to 64 Kbps (kilobits per second).
  • Circuit-Switched Network: 2G used circuit-switched networks, which reserved a dedicated communication path between the caller and receiver for the duration of the call.
  • Digital Transmission: 2G introduced digital transmission, providing better voice quality and increased capacity compared to 1G (analog) systems.

3G (Third Generation):

Technology:

  • Frequency Bands: 3G operates on various frequency bands, including 850 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100 MHz.
  • Modulation Technique: 3G introduced a wide range of modulation techniques, such as Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and CDMA2000.
  • Data Transfer: 3G significantly improved data transfer capabilities, offering speeds up to several megabits per second (Mbps). It was designed to support multimedia services like video calling and mobile internet.
  • Packet-Switched Network: 3G adopted packet-switched networks, enabling more efficient data transfer by breaking information into packets and sending them separately.
  • Global Roaming: 3G allowed for global roaming, enabling users to use their devices across different networks and countries.

4G (Fourth Generation):

Technology:

  • Frequency Bands: 4G operates on a variety of frequency bands, including 700 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2600 MHz.
  • Modulation Technique: 4G introduced advanced modulation techniques such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO).
  • Data Transfer: 4G significantly increased data transfer speeds, providing peak rates of up to 1 Gbps (gigabit per second).
  • IP-Based Network: 4G is based on an all-IP (Internet Protocol) network, allowing seamless integration with the internet and supporting a wide range of applications and services.
  • Low Latency: 4G aimed to reduce latency, enabling real-time communication for applications like online gaming and video conferencing.

5G (Fifth Generation):

Technology:

  • Frequency Bands: 5G utilizes a broader spectrum, including low, mid, and high-frequency bands, ranging from sub-1 GHz to millimeter-wave frequencies.
  • Modulation Technique: 5G employs advanced modulation techniques like OFDM and advanced MIMO configurations.
  • Data Transfer: 5G aims to provide significantly higher data transfer rates compared to 4G, with peak rates exceeding 10 Gbps.
  • Network Slicing: 5G introduces network slicing, allowing the creation of virtualized, isolated networks to cater to specific use cases with different requirements.
  • Low Latency: 5G further reduces latency, making it suitable for applications requiring near-instantaneous communication, such as autonomous vehicles and remote surgery.

Each generation of mobile technology represents a significant leap in terms of data transfer speeds, network architecture, and capabilities, with 5G being the latest and most advanced generation to date.